\u70ba\u6176\u795d\u300c\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u5f97\u734e\u5b78\u4eba\u5091\u51fa\u8b1b\u5ea7\u7cfb\u5217\u300d\u8209\u8fa6\u4e94\u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\uff08\u65b0\u5730\uff09\u8207\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\uff08\u4e2d\u5927\uff09\u65e9\u524d\u5ba3\u5e03\u9080\u5f97\u4e09\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u5c08\u7a0b\u4f86\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6301\u4e09\u5834\u8b1b\u5ea7\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u5168\u7403\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u5834\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65bc\u4eca\u5929\uff0811\u67083\u65e5\uff09\u8209\u884c\uff0c\u75311972\u5e74\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u80af\u5c3c\u65af\u2027\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\uff08Professor Kenneth J. Arrow\uff09\u4e3b\u8b1b\uff0c\u70ba\u65b0\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u8b1b\u5ea7\u63ed\u958b\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u4ee5\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5206\u6790\u8207\u793e\u6703\u8cac\u4efb\u300d\u70ba\u984c\uff0c\u8207\u7d04\u4e94\u767e\u540d\u4e2d\u5927\u7684\u5e2b\u751f\u3001\u6821\u53cb\u3001\u653f\u5546\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u773e\u5206\u4eab\u5176\u771f\u77e5\u707c\u898b\uff0c\u53cd\u61c9\u975e\u5e38\u71b1\u70c8\u3002<\/p>
\u65b0\u5730\u57f7\u884c\u8463\u4e8b\u9ec3\u5955\u9451\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u300c\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u81ea2004\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u8207\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\u5408\u8fa6\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u5f97\u734e\u5b78\u4eba\u5091\u51fa\u8b1b\u5ea7\u7cfb\u5217\uff0c\u4eca\u5e74\u5df2\u662f\u7b2c\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u5f88\u9ad8\u8208\u8b1b\u5ea7\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u57ce\u4e2d\u76db\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u9999\u6e2f\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u73fe\u6642\u6b63\u503c\u9999\u6e2f\u9762\u5c0d\u5168\u7403\u91d1\u878d\u6d77\u562f\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u900f\u904e\u9080\u8acb\u8209\u8db3\u8f15\u91cd\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5927\u5e2b\u4f86\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6301\u516c\u958b\u8b1b\u5ea7\uff0c\u8b93\u5ee3\u5927\u5e02\u6c11\u80fd\u5920\u7372\u5f97\u555f\u793a\uff1b\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u540c\u6642\u5e0c\u671b\u9752\u5e74\u5b78\u751f\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u8207\u8b1b\u5ea7\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u570b\u969b\u7d1a\u5927\u5e2b\u7684\u771f\u77e5\u707c\u898b\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u65b0\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u555f\u767c\u65b0\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u4e26\u6fc0\u767c\u8ffd\u6c42\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u71b1\u8aa0\u3002\u300d<\/p>
\u4e2d\u5927\u6821\u9577\u5289\u9075\u7fa9\u6559\u6388\u611f\u8b1d\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u548c\u65b0\u5730\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u517c\u8463\u4e8b\u7e3d\u7d93\u7406\u90ed\u70b3\u806f\u535a\u58eb\u904e\u53bb\u4e94\u5e74\u4f86\u7684\u9f0e\u529b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e26\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u300c\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u582a\u7a31\u904e\u53bb\u534a\u4e16\u7d00\u6d3b\u8e8d\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6700\u70ba\u4eba\u7a31\u9053\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8457\u4f5c\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u9580\u751f\u5747\u6210\u5c31\u8f1d\u714c\uff0c\u5982\u7d04\u7ff0\u2027\u6d77\u85a9\u5c3c\uff08John Harsanyi\uff09\u3001\u9081\u514b\u2027\u65af\u5f6d\u601d\uff08A. Michael Spence\uff09\u3001\u827e\u529b\u514b\u2027\u99ac\u65af\u91d1\uff08Eric Maskin\uff09\u548c\u7f85\u683c\u2027\u6885\u723e\u68ee\uff08Roger Myerson\uff09\uff0c\u56db\u4f4d\u5747\u70ba\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u3002\u6211\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8b1d\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u9060\u9053\u849e\u81e8\u4e2d\u5927\uff0c\u8207\u6211\u5011\u5206\u4eab\u5176\u7cbe\u95e2\u898b\u89e3\u3002\u300d<\/p>
\u5728\u8b1b\u5ea7\u4e2d\uff0c\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u63a2\u8a0e\u7576\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u5168\u7403\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u65b9\u5411— \u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9810\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u61c9\u5982\u4f55\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff1f\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u904d\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u8cbc\u8fd1\u5be6\u969b\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6027\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u67d0\u7a2e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5e02\u5834\u662f\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u3002\u7576\u5e02\u5834\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u5e38\u904b\u4f5c\u6642\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u500b\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u76f8\u4e92\u5f97\u76ca\u6216\u5c0e\u81f4\u5c0d\u65b9\u4ed8\u51fa\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u5e02\u5834\u904b\u4f5c\u4f86\u5354\u8abf\uff08\u5982\u6c61\u67d3\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4fbf\u9808\u63d2\u624b\u5e72\u9810\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u672a\u88ab\u5ee3\u70ba\u63a5\u7d0d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9810\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u4ee4\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u8f03\u5728\u5e02\u5834\u904b\u4f5c\u4e0b\u66f4\u70ba\u5e73\u5747\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u9808\u78ba\u4fdd\u76e1\u91cf\u6e1b\u4f4e\u5c0d\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u61c9\u63a1\u53d6\u73fe\u91d1\u8f49\u79fb\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u5982\u5fb5\u7a05\u548c\u4ed8\u6b3e\uff09\u3002<\/p>
\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u6163\u5e38\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u61c9\u78ba\u8a8d\u7528\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u50f9\u683c\u7684\u5fb5\u7a05\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\u6536\u5165\u7684\u4ed8\u6b3e\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6548\u61c9\u3002<\/p>
\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u6703\u8cac\u4efb\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u672a\u88ab\u7d0d\u5165\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u662f\u7236\u6bcd\u5c0d\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff08\u5b50\u5973\u5c0d\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u6b63\u9010\u6f38\u6e1b\u9000\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9577\u4e45\u4ee5\u4f86\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u904e\u53bb\u570b\u6c11\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u5bb6\u885b\u570b\u800c\u4f5c\u6230\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u904e\u61b2\u7ae0\u6cd5\u4f8b\u7684\u5236\u8a02\uff0c\u95dc\u6ce8\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6d88\u8017\u548c\u6c23\u5019\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u4ea6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u570b\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u65bc\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u9000\u4f11\u548c\u91ab\u7642\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u73fe\u6642\u88ab\u8996\u4f5c\u5916\u90e8\u6548\u61c9\u751a\u5c11\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u3002<\/p>
\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u73fe\u70ba\u53f2\u4e39\u798f\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u30021972\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8207\u7d04\u7ff0\uff0e\u5e0c\u514b\u65af\uff08John R. Hicks\uff09\u540c\u7372\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u5011\u300c\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u798f\u5229\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u300d\u3002\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6db5\u84cb\u591a\u500b\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u3001\u4ee5\u8b49\u5238\u4f5c\u98a8\u96aa\u627f\u64d4\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u95dc\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7a31\u3001\u5eab\u5b58\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u589e\u9577\u53ca\u5176\u6e2c\u91cf\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u5275\u65b0\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\u7372\u734e\u7121\u6578\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u7d04\u7ff0\u2027\u8c9d\u8328\u2027\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u734e\u3001\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u904b\u7c4c\u8207\u7ba1\u7406\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u8afe\u4f0a\u66fc\u734e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u500b\u69ae\u8b7d\u5b78\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>
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\u8b1b\u5ea7\u7cfb\u5217\u4e00\u5411\u7dca\u8cbc\u6642\u4ee3\u8108\u640f\uff0c\u5176\u9918\u5169\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u8b1b\u5ea7\u5206\u5225\u75311990\u5e74\u5f97\u734e\u4eba\u5a01\u5ec9\u2027\u590f\u666e\u6559\u6388\uff08Professor William F. Sharpe\uff09\u4e3b\u8b1b\u300c\u9000\u4f11\u878d\u8cc7\uff1a\u96c6\u9ad4\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u53d6\u5411\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1993\u5e74\u5f97\u734e\u4eba\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u2027\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\uff08Professor Douglass C. North\uff09\u4e3b\u8b1b\u300c\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u900f\u8996\u793e\u6703\u6f14\u5316\u52d5\u614b\u300d\u3002\u590f\u666e\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8b1b\u5ea7\u5c07\u65bc11\u670829\u65e5\u5047\u9999\u6e2f\u541b\u6085\u9152\u5e97\u5bb4\u6703\u5927\u79ae\u5802\u8209\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\u5247\u5c07\u65bc12\u670811\u65e5\u5047\u4e2d\u5927\u8499\u6c11\u5049\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b78\u5927\u6a13\u6f14\u8b1b\u5ef3\u6f14\u8b1b\u3002\u5169\u5834\u8b1b\u5ea7\u5747\u6703\u9810\u7559\u90e8\u5206\u9580\u5238\u4f9b\u516c\u773e\u514d\u8cbb\u7d22\u53d6\uff0c\u8a73\u60c5\u5c07\u65bc\u7a0d\u5f8c\u516c\u5e03\u3002<\/p>
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