\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\uff08\u65b0\u5730\uff09\u53ca\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\uff08\u4e2d\u5927\uff09\u9080\u5f971993\u5e74\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\uff0e\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\uff08Professor Douglass C. North\uff09\uff0c\u65bc\u4eca\u5929\uff0812\u670811\u65e5\uff09\u4f86\u6e2f\u8209\u884c\u8b1b\u5ea7\uff0c\u8ad6\u8ff0\u300c\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u900f\u8996\u793e\u6703\u6f14\u5316\u52d5\u614b\u300d\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u8fd1\u4e8c\u767e\u540d\u5dff\u6c11\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f86\u81ea\u653f\u5546\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u4e2d\u5927\u7684\u5e2b\u751f\u53ca\u6821\u53cb\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\u7684\u771f\u77e5\u707c\u898b\uff0c\u76db\u6cc1\u7a7a\u524d\u3002<\/p>
\u65b0\u5730\u57f7\u884c\u8463\u4e8b\u9ec3\u5955\u9451\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u300c\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u4e00\u76f4\u7a4d\u6975\u63a8\u52d5\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u9f13\u52f5\u7d42\u8eab\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u555f\u767c\u5275\u65b0\u601d\u7dad\u3002\u73fe\u6642\u9999\u6e2f\u6b63\u9762\u5c0d\u5168\u7403\u91d1\u878d\u6d77\u562f\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6e2f\u4eba\u66f4\u8981\u628a\u63e1\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u5145\u5be6\u53ca\u88dd\u5099\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u8fce\u63a5\u672a\u4f86\u7a2e\u7a2e\u6311\u6230\u3002\u65b0\u5730\u53ca\u4e2d\u5927\u5408\u8fa6\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u5f97\u734e\u5b78\u4eba\u8b1b\u5ea7\u7cfb\u5217\u5df2\u662f\u7b2c\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u5e0c\u671b\u85c9\u6b64\u8b93\u5dff\u6c11\u5206\u4eab\u570b\u969b\u7d1a\u5927\u5e2b\u7684\u7cbe\u95e2\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u5b78\u990a\uff0c\u64f4\u95ca\u898b\u8b58\uff0c\u4e26\u6fc0\u767c\u9752\u5e74\u5b78\u751f\u8ffd\u6c42\u5b78\u554f\u7684\u71b1\u8aa0\u3002\u300d<\/p>
\u4e2d\u5927\u6821\u9577\u5289\u9075\u7fa9\u6559\u6388\u611f\u8b1d\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u548c\u65b0\u5730\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u517c\u8463\u4e8b\u7e3d\u7d93\u7406\u90ed\u70b3\u806f\u535a\u58eb\u904e\u53bb\u4e94\u5e74\u4f86\u7684\u9f0e\u529b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e26\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u300c\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\u662f\u610f\u5ff5\u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\uff0c\u555f\u767c\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u80fd\u624b\u3002\u4ed6\u64c5\u65bc\u6307\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u73fe\u8eab\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7528\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u6c7a\u5b58\u5728\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u3002\u6211\u8b39\u4ee3\u8868\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u5411\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\u81f4\u4ee5\u6700\u8877\u5fc3\u7684\u611f\u6fc0\uff0c\u591a\u8b1d\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u4e3b\u6301\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u5f97\u734e\u5b78\u4eba\u5091\u51fa\u8b1b\u5ea7\u3002\u300d<\/p>
\u50b3\u7d71\u7d93\u6fdf\u7406\u8ad6\u6709\u6240\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u95e1\u91cb\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5728\u67d0\u7279\u5b9a\u6642\u523b\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\u3002\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u5d84\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u6709\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u591a\u52d5\u591a\u8b8a\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6f14\u5316\u904e\u7a0b— \u8af8\u5982\u904e\u53bb\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u9769\u65b0\u53ca\u6025\u4fc3\u767c\u5c55\u3001\u672a\u4f86\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u7d93\u6fdf\u5c55\u671b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u9ad4\u7cfb\u70ba\u61c9\u4ed8\u91d1\u878d\u6d77\u562f\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u63a8\u52d5\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/p>
1993\u5e74\uff0c\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\u8207\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u2027\u798f\u683c\u723e\uff08Robert W. Fogel\uff09\u540c\u7372\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u63da\u4ed6\u5011\u300c\u904b\u7528\u7d93\u6fdf\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u8a08\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u9ad4\u5236\u8b8a\u9769\uff0c\u7d66\u7d93\u6fdf\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ce6\u4e88\u65b0\u8c8c\u300d\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u601d\u8003\u7531\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u554f\u984c\u5f15\u7533\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u8b8a\u5316\uff1a\u70ba\u4f55\u67d0\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u6703\u6f38\u8da8\u767c\u9054\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u5247\u8ca7\u56f0\u5982\u6614\uff1f\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u8afe\u65af\u6559\u6388\u958b\u59cb\u61c9\u7528\u8a8d\u77e5\u53ca\u884c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u53ca\u7406\u89e3\u7d93\u6fdf\u96a8\u6642\u9593\u6d41\u901d\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u65bc\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u7406\u89e3\u7d93\u6fdf\u8b8a\u9077\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u300b\u4e2d\u8ac7\u53ca\u3002\u4ed6\u66f4\u5c07\u65bc\u672c\u5e74\u5e95\u63a8\u51fa\u65b0\u4f5c\u300a\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\ufe30\u89e3\u8b80\u4eba\u985e\u4fe1\u53f2\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u67b6\u69cb\u300b\u3002<\/p>
\u70ba\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u516c\u773e\u5c0d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u516d\u5927\u7bc4\u7587\uff08\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u3001\u5316\u5b78\u3001\u751f\u7406\u91ab\u5b78\u3001\u6587\u5b78\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u53ca\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\uff09\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u8b93\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u77e5\u8b58\u66f4\u70ba\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u4e2d\u5927\u7279\u5225\u5b89\u6392\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65bc\u672c\u6e2f\u591a\u6240\u5927\u5c08\u9662\u6821\u76f4\u64ad\uff0c\u53e6\u4ea6\u65bc\u9999\u6e2f\u79d1\u6280\u5712\u5373\u6642\u64ad\u653e\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u4e2d\u5b78\u5e2b\u751f\u53ef\u900f\u904e\u9999\u6e2f\u6559\u80b2\u57ce\u7db2\u7ad9\u5373\u6642\u6536\u770b\u3002\u662f\u6b21\u8b1b\u5ea7\u66f4\u65bc\u5167\u5730\u591a\u6240\u8457\u540d\u5b78\u5e9c\u76f4\u64ad\uff0c\u5982\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u5fa9\u65e6\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea4\u901a\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u6e05\u83ef\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u53ca\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b78\u7b49\uff0c\u5145\u4efd\u4fc3\u9032\u5404\u5730\u5b78\u8853\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002<\/p>
\u70ba\u6176\u795d\u300c\u65b0\u9d3b\u57fa\u5730\u7522\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u5f97\u734e\u5b78\u4eba\u5091\u51fa\u8b1b\u5ea7\u7cfb\u5217\u300d\u8209\u8fa6\u4e94\u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u5730\u8207\u4e2d\u5927\u65e9\u524d\u5ba3\u5e03\u9080\u5f97\u4e09\u4f4d\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u5c08\u7a0b\u4f86\u6e2f\u4e3b\u6301\u4e09\u5834\u8b1b\u5ea7\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u5168\u7403\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u5834\u8b1b\u5ea7\u5df2\u65bc11\u67083\u65e5\u5713\u6eff\u8209\u884c\uff0c\u75311972\u5e74\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u80af\u5c3c\u65af\u2027\u963f\u7f85\u6559\u6388\uff08Professor Kenneth J. Arrow\uff09\u4e3b\u8b1b\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5206\u6790\u8207\u793e\u6703\u8cac\u4efb\u300d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5834\u8b1b\u5ea7\u300c\u9000\u4f11\u878d\u8cc7\uff1a\u96c6\u9ad4\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u300d\u4ea6\u5df2\u65bc11\u670829\u65e5\u8209\u884c\uff0c\u75311990\u5e74\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u5a01\u5ec9\u2027\u590f\u666e\u6559\u6388\uff08Professor William F. Sharpe\uff09\u4e3b\u8b1b\uff0c\u53cd\u61c9\u975e\u5e38\u71b1\u70c8\uff0c\u5ee3\u53d7\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u53ca\u516c\u773e\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>
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